Gang hand signs and meanings

Crips gang signs are hand gestures used by members of the Crip criminal organization to convey their affiliation. These signs typically involve specific finger configurations, with variations representing different meanings within the group's subculture. They serve as communication tools and identifiers among gang members but can vary across ...

Gang hand signs and meanings. The Crips have developed an intricate system of complex hand motions and finger placements that hold various meanings. For instance, raising three fingers represents their three core values: “Love Loyalty and Respect,” while forming a “C” shape with one’s hands symbolizes affiliation with the group. 5.

Graffiti, hand signs, colors, and tattoos are indicators of gang affiliation. Gang members have their own language, which contains phrases, hand signs, tattoos, markings and graffiti. These often overlap. As a parent, you may not recognize them right away.

Short answer star gang sign: The star gang sign is a hand gesture commonly used by members of certain street gangs to represent allegiance to their gang. It involves extending the thumb, pinky, and index fingers while keeping the middle and ring fingers folded down. This symbol often represents affiliation with the gang known as the Bloods.Short answer all of the blood gang signs: There are various hand signs associated with the Blood gang, such as the "B" hand sign, the "five-point crown" symbol made with the fingers, and the "pinky finger up," which signifies loyalty to the gang. These gestures are often used by members to communicate their affiliation and to ...1. It is possible that different gangs may indeed use similar hand signs involving two fingers. 2. These subtle variations in positioning or added gestures can make a huge difference when it comes to the meaning behind the sign. 3. The context of each gang's activities plays an important role in understanding these distinctions. 4.Gang signs associated with the term "slime" are often used by members of rap group and collective, YSL (Young Stoner Life), led by rapper Young Thug. These hand gestures typically involve interlocking fingers to form a 'W' shape, as well as variations incorporating additional knuckle or finger movements. They signify belonging and ...Known for their distinctive hand gestures, or "gang signs," these symbols play a significant role in communicating messages within this secretive society. ... To fully grasp the hidden meanings behind each Latin King gang sign, it is vital to analyze carefully captured photographs that showcase these gestures. By focusing on high-resolution ...A gang sign, also known as a gang signal, is a verbal or visual way gang members identify their affiliation. This can take many forms including slogans, hand signs, …Aug 5, 2023 · Author Jordan AndersonReading 18 minViews 100Published by August 5, 2023. Short answer bd gang signs: BD gang signs refer to the hand signals used by members of the Black Disciples, a notorious street gang based in Chicago. These signs are a form of non-verbal communication within the gang and can vary in meaning depending on context.

1. The Evolution of Gang Signs: Gang signs have a long history dating back decades when street gangs emerged as influential forces in neighborhoods worldwide. Originally used primarily for identification purposes, these signs have evolved into complex systems with intricate meanings over time.Aug 10, 2023 · Step 2: Start with Basic Hand Gestures. To begin your journey into decoding gang signs, let’s start with some beginner-level hand gestures. These fundamental actions can be found in various gangs’ repertoires, so they will serve as an excellent starting point. The first sign we’ll explore is known as “Flagging.”. 1. "OTF" Sign: Members of the OTF (Only The Family) gang commonly use a hand sign that represents their group's initials. To make this sign, form an 'O' shape with your thumb and index finger while extending your other three fingers upward. 2. 3-Star Sign: Another popular symbol frequently seen in relation to OTF is the three-star sign.Short answer black disciples gang signs: The Black Disciples gang, also known as the BDs, originated in Chicago. Their hand signs often involve making an open five-pointed star with their hands, mimicking the Star of David inverted. Other common signs include raising crossed arms above the head to form an “X” shape.Step 2: Start with Basic Hand Gestures. To begin your journey into decoding gang signs, let’s start with some beginner-level hand gestures. These fundamental actions can be found in various gangs’ repertoires, so they will serve as an excellent starting point. The first sign we’ll explore is known as “Flagging.”.The ring finger down gang sign, also known as the “W” sign, has a deep-rooted history and carries significant meaning in the streets of Los Angeles. It was initially adopted by LA street gangs as a way to represent their territories and show allegiance to their respective neighborhoods. By placing their ring finger down while making a fist ...

LA gang signs are symbolic hand gestures used by members to communicate affiliation, loyalty, and challenges. Each sign represents a specific street or prison gang alongside various messages like threats or disrespect. Although diverse meanings exist among different gangs, common symbols include West Coast "W" for Watts Varrio Grape Street ...To fully appreciate any symbol's association with gang culture, it is crucial to examine its historical roots. The Westside hand sign traces back to Los Angeles during the late 1960s when street gangs first started emerging amidst socio-economic challenges within marginalized communities. Step 2: Formation of Affiliation.Short answer two finger gang sign: The two finger gang sign, also known as the “peace sign,” is a hand gesture made by extending the index and middle fingers while keeping the other fingers curled. It is commonly associated with peace and unity but has been adopted by various communities, including some criminal gangs, as a symbol of ...Short answer: Black Disciples Gang Hand Signs. Black Disciples Gang hand signs are visual gestures used by members of the Black Disciples street gang to communicate and identify one another. These hand signals serve as a means of displaying allegiance, disrespecting rivals, or conveying messages discreetly. While specific signs …In September 2019, the Anti-Defamation League released an updated list of hate-related symbols, hand signs and numbers. Among them was a familiar, seemingly innocent gesture: the "OK" sign.

How to section hair for peekaboo color.

Few symbols are more captivating than gang signs – hand gestures imbued with deep significance that reflect complex dynamics within Philly’s underground world. Delving into this underworld serves not only to understand the mesmerizing symbolism but also fosters empathy and knowledge about the complex social fabric of …The Double C Gang Sign is a hand signal commonly associated with gang culture, particularly in urban areas. It involves forming the letter 'C' with both hands simultaneously, often with fingers slightly spread apart. This sign predominantly represents affiliation with the notorious street gang known as the "Crips.". 2.What is the meaning and significance behind the Vice Lords gang sign? The Vice Lords gang sign is a hand gesture used by members to identify themselves and communicate with each other. It holds significant symbolism within their community, representing unity and loyalty among its members. ... The Vice Lord's Gang Sign has deep meanings rooted ...The meaning of the East Side gang sign varies depending on the specific gang and region. Gang signs are hand gestures used by gangs to communicate with each other or assert their affiliation. These symbols often represent loyalty, respect, territory, rivalry, or even intent for violence within the criminal network operating under an "East ...When it comes to gang culture and its elements, specific hand signs hold paramount importance as a means of displaying affiliation or allegiance. The iconic "18" hand sign involves extending the thumb and index finger outwards parallelly—an emblematic representation used worldwide by members of the notorious 18th Street gang. 2.Crip gang signs are hand gestures used by members of the Crips gang to communicate with each other. They vary in form and meaning, often representing gang affiliation or disrespect towards rivals. Images showcasing these signs can be found online, providing visual references for identification and study. Contents.

The West Side gang sign, also known as a hand gesture or symbol used by members of certain gangs from the western side of a city or region, holds significance within these communities. In this article, we delve into the origins and meanings associated with this potent symbol that deeply resonates in urban environments.The "E" gang sign is a hand gesture commonly associated with the Gangster Disciples, a Chicago-based street gang. It involves forming the letter "E" with the thumb and index finger extended while holding down the other fingers. The symbol represents the gang's affiliation and can often be seen in their tattoos, graffiti, or photos.MS-13, a ruthless Salvadoran street gang operating worldwide, uses various hand gestures and symbols to communicate their allegiance. Common MS-13 gang signs include the "devil's head" and variations of numerical codes representing "Mara Salvatrucha.". These secretive gestures are notorious for marking territory or identifying fellow ...The "H Town" gang sign is a hand gesture representing affiliation with certain criminal organizations or street gangs in Houston, Texas. It typically involves forming an 'H' shape using the thumb and index finger, often accompanied by other specific hand signs denoting loyalty or identification within the group.The 18th Street Gang's sign acts as a form of coded communication—a strong message that permeates through their world while leaving outsiders unsure of its true intentions. It is an emblem designed to intimidate, instill fear, and assert dominance. As with any symbol, interpretations can evolve over time.1) Symbolism & Expression: Each gestural depiction carries profound meaning; seemingly innocuous movements hold immense weight behind them within the complex tapestry called ‘gang culture.’. For instance: – Closed fist accompanied by an extended thumb pointing upwards represents solidarity amidst adversity.Sureño gang signs often involve specific hand gestures used to represent affiliation or loyalty towards the Southern California-based Hispanic street gangs collectively known as “Sureños.”. These hand signs can vary but commonly include making an ‘S’ shape with the fingers, forming a side-to-side wave motion, or displaying numbers ...Gang signs in New Zealand, also known as hand signals or gestures, are a common form of communication used by gangs to convey messages and affiliations. These distinctive movements often involve specific hand shapes, finger combinations, or other body motions that represent various symbols and meanings within the local gang culture.

Short answer gang sign holding up 4 fingers: Gang sign holding up 4 fingers, commonly known as "throwing four," is a hand gesture associated with street gangs. It typically signifies an affiliation or allegiance to a particular gang and may differ in meaning depending on the group involved. The Significance of Gang Hand Signs: Unraveling ...

Blood gang hand signs include a small letter “b” formed with one hand, the letters “CK” formed with one hand, a large letter “B” formed with one hand, and the word “blood” formed w...Norte gang signs refer to hand gestures, body movements, and symbolic tattoos used by members to communicate with one another. These signs play a crucial role in identifying fellow members, showcasing allegiance to the Norte cause or neighborhood, and expressing messages without words. 2.Some commonly used phrases accompanied by corresponding hand signals among bikers include: 1st finger pointed upward - "On two wheels". Thumb extended - "Throttle Down". Pinkie index/middle finger out - Signifies union between man & motorcycle. Peace sign palm facing forward while extending arm - "Keep riding safe".Hands play an instrumental role in conveying unspoken messages among gang members. We will dig deep into various commonly used hand signals exclusive to different factions endemic across our nation's capital—each imbued with its unique meaning that can be deciphered only through careful observation. Chapter 3: Body Language Whispers.Conclusion: The West Side Gang sign represents an intricate tapestry of histories, struggles, and aspirations amongst marginalized neighborhoods worldwide. Beyond its surface-level representation as a mere hand gesture affiliated with gangs, this symbol embodies resilience, unity, and an undeniable sense of belonging.The Thumbs Down / No-like Hand Sign. Use the thumbs-down hand sign when you just don’t approve of something. The Eye Roll Sign. Roll your eyes when you’re trying to express “whatever.” The Finger Gun Hand Sign. Use the finger gun hand sign as a way to say “yup” with your hands. The Fingers Crossed Hand SignA gang sign, also known as a gang signal, is a verbal or visual way gang members identify their affiliation. This can take many forms including slogans, hand signs, …Short answer all of the blood gang signs: There are various hand signs associated with the Blood gang, such as the “B” hand sign, the “five-point crown” symbol made with the fingers, and the “pinky finger up,” which signifies loyalty to the gang. These gestures are often used by members to communicate their affiliation and to ...

Jetblue flight 1280.

Interstate premier services corp.

Title: Mastering the 3 Fingers Down Gang Sign – A Step-by-Step Guide. Introduction: The world of hand gestures is vast and varied, often serving as a form of nonverbal communication. One such gesture, known commonly as the “3 fingers down gang sign,” has become increasingly popular in various subcultures.The 4 finger gang sign is a hand gesture commonly associated with street gangs or urban subcultures. This symbolic expression involves raising four fingers while keeping the thumb tucked under. Its precise meaning can vary depending on the context and regional affiliations, but it generally represents loyalty, unity, and allegiance to a ...South Side Gang Sign Drawings refer to hand gestures or symbols used by street gangs primarily located on the South Side of cities. These signs serve as a means for gang members to identify themselves, communicate messages, and show allegiance. The exact meaning and design of these drawings can vary between different South Side gangs.1. The Evolution of Gang Signs: Gang signs have a long history dating back decades when street gangs emerged as influential forces in neighborhoods worldwide. Originally used primarily for identification purposes, these signs have evolved into complex systems with intricate meanings over time.Among the various prominent gangs, the Crips hold a unique place in history and street lore. Recognizable by their distinctive blue attire and hand signs, the Crips' symbolism goes far beyond surface-level aesthetics. In this blog post, we embark on a journey to decode the hidden meanings behind Gang Crip signs. 1.These hand signs can carry different meanings depending on the specific gang. Here are some common hand signs used by gangs in Oklahoma: 1. The “pitchfork” sign: This gesture is associated with the Gangster Disciples, a prominent street gang present in Oklahoma City and Tulsa. 2. The “Crips” sign: Crip-affiliated gangs often use …Short answer blood gang signs tattoos: Blood gang signs and tattoos are symbols used by members of the Bloods, a notorious street gang in Los Angeles. These include hand gestures such as "B" signals, wearing red clothing or accessories, and specific tattoo patterns like five-pointed crowns. They serve as indications of allegiance to the ...The “E” gang sign is a hand gesture commonly associated with the Gangster Disciples, a Chicago-based street gang. It involves forming the letter “E” with the thumb and index finger extended while holding down the other fingers. The symbol represents the gang’s affiliation and can often be seen in their tattoos, graffiti, or photos.Some of the 5,000-plus words and phrases in Savelli's book, "Gang Related: Signs, Signals and Slang of Modern Gangs and Organized Crime" — a work in progress intended both for cops and ...A2: The origin story of this specific gang sign can be traced back to the early stages of gang culture in Los Angeles during the 1960s. The original purpose behind creating unique hand signs was to establish unity among fellow members while differentiating themselves from rival gangs.The following survey of gang sign types is far from all-encompassing and seeks to provide a ground-floor understanding of the ways street gangs can creatively express themselves. With that in mind, there will be a focus on the four most commonly encountered gang signs: attire, tattoos, graffiti and hand signals. 4.1 AttireThe *”Insane Vice Lords”* gang sign traces back to Chicago in the late 1960s when a group known as “Vice Lords” emerged from impoverished neighborhoods enduring social inequality gravely affecting African American communities. The creation of their distinct hand sign developed organically as a means of identification among members ... ….

Sep 3, 2023 · Each gang has its own unique set of hand signs that hold significant meaning within their respective contexts. 1) Asian Gang Hand Signs: A Closer Look at Symbolism and Culture When it comes to symbols and culture, one cannot help but be fascinated by the intricate world of Asian gang hand signs. 2. A Secret Code: Imagine walking down a crowded street oblivious to the hidden language being spoken right before your eyes – that’s what gang signs numbers epitomize. Designed to maintain exclusivity within their ranks, these signals act as an encrypted form of communication invisible to outsiders.1. Understanding Gang Signs: Gang signs are intricate hand gestures used by members to communicate with one another or claim territorial dominance. The Westside Blood Gang has distinct hand signs that you should be aware of, namely the "b" sign, formed by folding down the thumb and holding up all four fingers straight.The "E" gang sign is a hand gesture commonly associated with the Gangster Disciples, a Chicago-based street gang. It involves forming the letter "E" with the thumb and index finger extended while holding down the other fingers. The symbol represents the gang's affiliation and can often be seen in their tattoos, graffiti, or photos.Step 2: Accessing Gang Sign Emoji. Now comes the exciting moment when we unveil where exactly these badass hand gestures lie within your device's keyboard system: - On most platforms/software keyboards (like mobile devices), locate and tap on any text input field.Short answer: 4 gang sign meaning. Gang signs are hand gestures used by gangs to communicate and represent their affiliations. The meaning of specific gang signs can vary depending on the gang, region, or context. ... In examining these four gang signs' meanings, we begin to understand how gestures can unite people, create shared ...Sep 9, 2023 · The West Side gang sign, also known as a hand gesture or symbol used by members of certain gangs from the western side of a city or region, holds significance within these communities. In this article, we delve into the origins and meanings associated with this potent symbol that deeply resonates in urban environments. EBK Gang Sign: Unveiling the Symbolic Power and Meaning Behind It. Short answer ebk gang sign: The EBK gang sign is a hand gesture used by East Brookdale Killers, a street gang based in Chicago. It involves extending the index and middle fingers while curling the ring finger and pinky finger inward. The sign is often …Short answer: Common gang signs and what they mean: Common gang signs refer to hand signals used by members of street gangs as a form of communication. These gestures typically include specific combinations or arrangements of fingers, which hold different meanings depending on the gang involved.These hand gestures have become symbolic of their unity and allegiance. Here are some of the most commonly seen hand signs associated with the Woo gang: 1. W: The first finger and thumb form a “W” shape by crossing at an angle while keeping other fingers extended. 2. Hook ’em Horns: This symbol is made by extending your pinky finger … Gang hand signs and meanings, Black gang signs encompass a wide range of hand gestures, symbols, and expressions originating from various African American street gangs. These signs serve as a means of communication within these groups and can convey messages related to identity, territory, respect, hierarchy, or even threats. 2., Short answer (gang signs hand): Gang signs are hand signals used by street gangs to communicate messages, intimidate rivals, or show allegiance. These gestures often involve specific hand shapes and movements that vary between gangs. Gang signs can also serve as a symbol of identity within the gang culture. Contents., These hand signs can carry different meanings depending on the specific gang. Here are some common hand signs used by gangs in Oklahoma: 1. The “pitchfork” sign: This gesture is associated with the Gangster Disciples, a prominent street gang present in Oklahoma City and Tulsa. 2. The “Crips” sign: Crip-affiliated gangs often use …, G Shine Gang signs refer to a series of intricate hand gestures used by members or affiliates to represent their association with the notorious street gang called G Goners Shining Bright (commonly referred to as "G Shine"). Each sign carries its own unique meaning within the gang's ideology. 2., However, they are all potential warning signs. 4. Looking Into People's Backgrounds. One way you may be able to discern whether or not someone has gang affiliation is by looking into their background. Many individuals join gangs while in prison, and many gang members end up in jail at some point due to gang affiliation., Rating: 6/10 All highly addictive and adrenaline-fueled things must come to an end. Netflix’s international hit Money Heist (La casa de papel) does as well. Worry not. For maximum ..., Here are some common hand gestures associated with the 30 gang: 1. A '3' sign: Members often use their hands to form a shape resembling the number three by extending their thumb, fore finger, and pinky finger while bending down the middle two fingers. 2. Hand over heart: This gesture symbolizes loyalty to both fellow members and deceased ..., The ring finger down gang sign, also known as the “W” sign, has a deep-rooted history and carries significant meaning in the streets of Los Angeles. It was initially adopted by LA street gangs as a way to represent their territories and show allegiance to their respective neighborhoods. By placing their ring finger down while making a fist ..., Author Jordan AndersonReading 18 minViews 80Published by August 23, 2023. Short answer: Trinitarios gang signs are hand gestures used by members of the violent Dominican street gang, Trinitarios. These signs serve as a means of identification and communication among gang members, often symbolizing their loyalty and affiliation., May 27, 2010 ... Different gang signs icons. The reflections underneath were created using linear gradients. Each element is set on a different layer and is very ..., Here are some common hand gestures or signs associated with gangs operating in Baton Rouge: 1. Five-pointed star: This symbolizes the Bloods gang operating in the city. 2. Pitchfork pointing down: Represents the rival Crips gang active in Baton Rouge. 3. Three-finger salute: Used by members of various African-American street gangs as a sign of ..., Sureño gang signs often involve specific hand gestures used to represent affiliation or loyalty towards the Southern California-based Hispanic street gangs collectively known as "Sureños.". These hand signs can vary but commonly include making an 'S' shape with the fingers, forming a side-to-side wave motion, or displaying numbers ..., To briefly summarize our discussion on the history and meaning behind the Sniper Gang hand sign: - The origins remain difficult to pinpoint precisely but can be traced back to North American street gangs. - Amongst gang members, it serves both communicative purposes and reinforces group identity through secrecy., While KTA gang signs may appear enigmatic to the untrained eye, they possess distinct meanings known only amongst members steeped in this secret language. By carefully analyzing these gestures' symbolism, we can unveil their hidden connotations: 1. **Unity and Brotherhood**: Central to KTA culture is an unwavering sense of unity among its ..., Author Jordan AndersonReading 18 minViews 50Published by September 2, 2023. Short answer: 44 gang sign refers to a hand gesture associated with the infamous Mexican-American criminal organization known as 'Sureños.'. Typically formed by extending the thumb and pinky finger, this symbol represents allegiance and identification within the gang., Sur Hand Gesture (Thumbs Up) One famous symbol meaningful primarily within Southerner subculture includes extending your thumb upward while simultaneously curling all other fingers inward. This sur hand gesture serves as a subtle indication of affiliation with the Surenos gang. ### 2. Trece Hand Sign (Three Fingers), This silent communication enables gang members to identify allies or enemies in crowded territories while maintaining an aura of secrecy. Symbolism Behind Hand Gestures: 1. Unity and Loyalty: One common symbol is the interlocking fingers that showcase unity among members of a particular gang., Who doesn't love a good dinner party? Why not save money and do it around the grill? Get top content in our free newsletter. Thousands benefit from our email every week. Join here...., Aug 12, 2023 · 2. The “Pitchfork” Hand Sign: Next in line is the intriguing “Pitchfork” hand sign usually associated with rival gangs originating from Chicago’s streets. This gesture forms an inverted ‘V’ shape with extended fingers placed together at the bottom and separated towards the top, mimicking a pitchfork’s prongs. , Jul 30, 2022 ... NLEChoppa WARNING: I shared this video because of Y'all repeated requests, but note that Gang Sign is not a joke and should not be thrown in ..., 7. 'Loser' Sign. The Loser Sign is a hand finger gesture made by forming an "L" shape with the thumb and index finger and holding it to the forehead. This gesture is commonly used to signify that someone is a loser or has lost a competition, game, or argument. 'Loser' Sign., The meaning of the East Side gang sign varies depending on the specific gang and region. Gang signs are hand gestures used by gangs to communicate with each other or assert their affiliation. These symbols often represent loyalty, respect, territory, rivalry, or even intent for violence within the criminal network operating under an "East ..., The GD Star gang sign is a hand gesture commonly associated with street gangs affiliated with "Gangster Disciples" (GD), one of America's most notorious criminal organizations. This symbol holds considerable importance within these groups as a means of identity display and communication. ### Origin Story: A Glimpse Into History., What is the meaning and significance behind the Vice Lords gang sign? The Vice Lords gang sign is a hand gesture used by members to identify themselves and communicate with each other. It holds significant symbolism within their community, representing unity and loyalty among its members. ... The Vice Lord's Gang Sign has deep meanings rooted ..., Smelling Finger Gang Sign: Unveiling the Hidden Meanings and Origins. Short answer: The "smelling finger gang sign" is a gesture where an individual discretely smells their own fingers and then extends them towards another person. This action can be used to insinuate that the target has engaged in illicit or embarrassing activities, often ..., 1) The Meaning and History Behind the Sureños Gang Sign # The Meaning and History Behind the Sureños Gang Sign. Sureños, also known as Southern California Mexican-American street gangs, have a rich history deeply embedded in Latino culture. One of the prominent elements associated with this gang is their distinct hand sign, which …, Picture based reference guides for anything and everything. If it seems like something someone might print, physically post, and reference then it is a good link for this sub. Remember: Infographics are learning tools, guides are reference tools. Sometimes it's grey. Guide to gang signs. Latin kings sign is "I love you" in asl. We can only ..., The "Slatt" gang sign originates from the popular slang term used by American rapper Young Thug and his affiliated artists. It represents an acronym for "Slime Love All The Time.". The hand gesture associated with this expression is typically made by intertwining the thumb, middle, and index fingers. It has gained popularity within hip ..., Title: Mastering Chicago Gang Hand Signs and Meanings: A Step-by-Step Guide to Understanding Symbolic Communication. Introduction: In the vibrant city of Chicago, gang culture has woven its way into the urban fabric. One key aspect of this subculture lies in hand signs - symbolic gestures that convey loyalty, affiliation, and messages within ..., One of these signs is commonly referred to as the “GD” or “Gangsta D” sign. 1. Symbolizes affiliation: When someone throws up this hand gesture, it signifies that they are a member or supporter of the Gangster Disciples gang. 2. Represents love for their set: It shows pride and loyalty towards their specific branch within the organization., What are the commonly used gang hand signs and their meanings? Gang hand signs, also known as "gang signs," are gestures made with the hands that hold symbolic meaning within certain gangs or street cultures. These signals can represent allegiance to a specific group or convey messages related to criminal activities. 1. The Crip's Hand ..., The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses. The ILY sign, "I Love You" Pollice Verso by Jean-Léon Gérôme. A man pointing at a photo. Fig sign is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly ..., 1. Unity and Loyalty: For some individuals employing the OYK gang sign, it acts as a symbol of solidarity within their respective community or gang affiliation. It conveys an unspoken assurance of loyalty towards fellow members while acting as a deterrent against internal fragmentation. 2.